Condensational Growth May Contribute to the Enhanced Deposition of Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Previous experimental studies have shown that concentrated cigarette smoke particles (CSPs) deposit in the upper airways like much larger 6 to 7 μ m aerosols. Based on the frequent assumption that relative humidity (RH) in the lungs does not exceed approximately 99.5%, the hygroscopic growth of initially submicrometer CSPs is expected to be a relatively minor factor. However, the inhalation of mainstream smoke may result in humidity values ranging from sub-saturated through supersaturated conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of condensation particle growth on the transport and deposition of CSPs in the upper respiratory tract under various RH and temperature conditions. To achieve this objective, a computational model of transport in the continuous phase surrounding a CSP was developed for a multicomponent aerosol consisting of water soluble and insoluble species. To evaluate the transport and deposition of dilute hygroscopic CSPs in the upper airways, a model of the human mouth-throat (MT) through approximately respiratory generation G6 was considered with four steady inhalation conditions. These inhalation conditions were representative of inhaled ambient cigarette smoke as well as warm and hot saturated smoke. Results indicate that RH conditions above 100% are possible in the upper respiratory tract during the inhalation of a warm or hot saturated airstream. For sub-saturated inhalation conditions, initial evaporation of the CSPs was observed followed by hygroscopic growth and diameter increases less than approximately 50%. In contrast, the inhalation of warm or hot saturated air resulted in significant particle growth in the MT and tracheobronchial regions. For the inhalation of warm saturated air 3°C above body temperature, initially 200 and 400 nm particles were observed to increase in size to above 3 μ m near the trachea inlet. The upper boundary inhalation condition of saturated 47°C air resulted in 7 to 8 μ m droplets entering the trachea. These results do not prove that the enhanced deposition of CSPs in the upper airways is only a result of condensational growth. However, this study does highlight condensational growth as a potentially significant mechanism in the deposition of smoke particles under saturated inhalation conditions.     

深层裂缝性复杂岩性气藏压裂技术研究

新疆准噶尔盆地WB气藏储层深度2 200～4 500m,储层岩石中的火山岩含量达45%,天然微裂缝发育,储层表现为强水敏,压裂施工难度大.文章首先对WB气藏前期压裂施工资料进行了综合分析,明确了前期压裂改造存在的主要问题;结合该气藏的储层地质特征,从储层污染、压裂液伤害、压裂施工和压后排液等方面系统研究了影响该区压裂效果的关键因素和技术对策.提出了应用综合控高技术来防止缝高过度延伸,采用支撑剂段塞、优化施工参数等实现降滤失和防治多裂缝,并通过支撑剂嵌入实验和压裂液性能评价优选了适合该地层的支撑剂和压裂液体系.研究思路与技术认识对于WB气藏及类似低渗气藏的压裂改造具有一定指导意义.     

一类Hermite-Cauchy型矩阵的惯性问题

本研究借助于关于Hermite矩阵惯性问题的Jacobi法则,在讨论了一类Her-mite-Cauchy型矩阵Q的行列式和可逆性问题的基础上,给出了该类型矩阵正、负特征值个数与其生成元素在复平面分布位置的有关结论,之后还得到了该类型矩阵正定的一个充分条件。     

Optimal resource allocation scheme for cognitive radio networks with relay selection based on game theory

In this paper,we present a non-transferable utility coalition graph game(NTU-CGG) based resource allocation scheme with relay selection for a downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDMA) based cognitive radio networks to maximize both system throughput and system fairness.In this algorithm,with the assistance of others SUs,SUs with less available channels to improve their throughput and fairness by forming a directed tree graph according to spectrum availability and traffic demands of SUs.So this scheme can effectively exploit both space and frequency diversity of the system.Performance results show that,NTU-CGG significantly improves system fairness level while not reducing the throughput comparing with other existing algorithms.     

油藏地质建模中多点训练图像应用研究

多点地质统计方法作为目前最新最前沿的地质建模方法,需依靠训练图像对地质模型进行约束。只有深入探讨辫状河沉积环境下应用训练图像的方法,才能使所建立的训练图像满足地质建模的需求。     

Temperature dependence of ferroelectric and dielectric properties of textured 0.98(0.94Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3)–0.02K0.5Na0.5NbO3 thick film

Textured 0.98(0.94Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–0.06BaTiO₃)–0.02K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ thick film was prepared by reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) method. The effect of temperature on ferroelectric and dielectric behaviors of the thick film was investigated. Its dielectric constant as a function of temperature displayed typical relaxation behavior, which was similar to that of NBT-based bulk ceramics. Remnant polarization, saturation polarization, and coercive field of the thick film all decreased with increasing temperature. Dielectric constant and tunability of the film were also dependent on temperature. Electric field dependence of dielectric constant of the thick film suggested a transition from ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase at around the depolarization temperature. A strong increase in leakage current density with increasing temperature was observed, which could be related to the enhanced activity of conductivity carriers.     

Preparation of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles by using spent Li-ion batteries

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are a soft magnetic material have been extensively used in many electronic and magnetic applications. In this study, Co_0.8Fe_2.2O₄ nanoparticles with particle size of about 23.5 nm were directly synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion and calcination methods using spent Li-ion batteries as raw materials. The overall process involves four steps: formation of homogeneous sols; formation of dried gels; combustion of the dried gels; and calcination of the dried gels after combustion at 1173 K for 2 h. The DTA–TG and IR were used to study the auto-combustion and thermal decomposition of the precursor, the morphology and structure of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and TEM techniques. Moreover, the precise metal ion stoichiometry of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was analyzed by ICP. The results revealed that the auto-combustion process was considered as a heat-induced exothermic oxidation–reduction reaction between nitrate ions and carboxyl group. The XRD patterns of calcination the dried gels after combustion confirmed the single phase spinel structure for the synthesized materials. The crystallite size was calculated from the most intense peak (3 1 1) using the Scherrer equation. The TEM photograph also shown that cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were well-dispersed and with little aggregation.     

数据库系统安全探析

针对常见的数据库系统安全问题,提出加强数据库系统安全的规划.